biotechnogeek

DNA replication ₹                               The Cell                             Cell is nothing but structural and functional unit of life. Cell is very complicated structure where nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rought endoplasmic reticulum and cell wall is present. Mostly this structures are present in eukaryotic cells while prokaryotic  cell structure is very simple.Cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in year 1665.Cell is very tiny that is microscopic structure and microscope is needed to see it.  There are verious types of cells prsent in eukaryoteslike Nerve cell,Blood cells,Bone cell, Stem cells,Ovum, Sperm cell, smooth muscle cell and fat cells.                   Cell ...

DNA replication  Allele                   Allele is nothing but a form of gene which may be different in effect that is one gene may have different effect carring sequences called alleles.Full form of allele is Allelomorph.simply different form of gene is called allele.Alleles are located on same locus or location on different chromosomes.                  In case of tallness in plant two alleles are present one is responsible for tallness while other for dwarfness this are called as bi-alleles. Gene is of hight while trait expressed by allele is either tall or Dwarf. Homozygous alleles and Heterozygous alleles:-                If one gene governs both alleles exactly same then it  is called as Homozygous alleles.In other case if a gene governs two allelomorphs of different traits called H...

Mendelian genetics                    A branch of biolog which deals wih study of heredity and variation is known as Genetics. Gregor Johann Mendel is said to be father of Genetics as he worked very hard and postulated Mendels laws He was a Austrian monk whose father has small farm where he worked on Pea (Botanical name - Pisum sativum L).                   The Pea has seven contrasting characters or opposite characterswhich are 1) Seed form- wrinkled X rugosus 2) Cotyledon colour - yellow X Green 3) Seed coat colour - Grey X white 4) Pod form - inflated X constricted 5) Flower position - Axial X terminal 6) Stem length - Tall X Dwarf 7) Pod colour  - Green X Yellow                 Upon studing he discovered that plant follows some pattern while expressing character from parent to offspring and formulated three laws 1) Law of dominance...

               Cholesterol is a type of lipid which is waxy and fat like in appearance. It is yellow crystalline solids which contence a notch like structure and is main structural component in plasma membranes and cell membranes. Cholesterol literally means solid alcohol from biles as it is isolated from bile.                 Cholesterol contains steroid nucleus which is also called as porphorin ring. It is amphiphilic in nature means it contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. Cholesterol is determinant membrane component in plasma membranes and responsible for its permeability.                  If accumulated in high amount it blocks the arteries or veins. As it forms a layer around the arteries and veins it chokes it up and causes heart attack or coronary arteries diseases.                  ...

100 facinating science and maths books                 Vitamins was first called as vital amines and mistakenly considered as       Amino acids. This vitamins are needed to perform body's vital functions in small amounts. Speaking scientific they are defined as organic compounds required in the diet in small amounts to perform specific biological functions for normal maintenance of optimum growth and health of an organism.                    Hopkins coined the term accessory factors to the unknown and essential nutrients present in the natural food. Funk (1913) coined the term vitamines after isolating them from polishing rice which can cure beri -  beri.                 Vitamins and conditions that they cure.  Vitamin A - Nightblindness Vitamin B - beri beri Vitamin C - scurvy Vitamin D - Rickets Vitamin E - proper reprodu...

100 facinating science and maths books                 DNA is nothing but genetic material which is responsible for transmission of genetic material from parent to offspring. DNA is also known as deoxyribose nucleic acid in its full form and defined as polymer of nucleotides. Nucleotides are nucleosides containing phosphate group. Nucleosides are deoxyribose and a nitrogen base adenosine, thymine, cytosin and guanine which are written by there first alphabet only.                 DNA is present in nucleus of cell in eukaryotic cell while  prokaryotes lacks nucleus so DNA is present in prokaryotes in cytoplasm. It is wrapped by histones in eukaryotes. This histones condenses them in coiled structure while all histones form very compact state know as super coiled structure.                    DNA is present in double stranded form in most of cases in...

             Our body contains fats on it this fat is nothing but lipids. This lipids acts as insulators like in polar bear 2 CM layer of fat is present which protects it from cold know as insulator.                Defining lipids is nothing but organic substances relatively insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents eg alcohol, Actually or potentially related to fatty acids and utilised by living cells.                 So lipids are organic substances as a well cooked oily food when falls on shirt it not get washed by water because of their property and stain remains. Therefore we use detergents to wash them all.                 Classification of lipids is carried out by chemical groups they contains. First is simple lipids. Simple lipids are esters of fatty acids with alcohols eg fat and oils. Difference between oi...

              Every living organism contains genetic factor or hereditary factor which transmit certain characters from one generation to other generation. In case of human this hereditary material is DNA. DNA is nothing but deoxyribose nucleic acid. This are composed of four nucleotides this four nucleotide are A, T, G, C. That is adenosine, thymine, guanine and cytosin. Combination of this four base pair constitutes DNA. In this cytosine pairs with guanine and adenosine with thymine.  DNA is consists of two strands which are paired to one another by hydrogen bands.                  Upper information was formal introduction to DNA now we will see what is mutation. Mutation is nothing but sudden change in genetic make up of an individual. In case of humans it is change in DNA hereditary pattern in an individual where some change occurs which is error prone.             ...

           Proteins are made up of Amino acids. It is also called as building block of amino acids. Proteins are present in more quantity than any other component in our body. Proteins word came from Greek word proteios means which holds first place.proteins are also called as polymers of amino acids.               There are twenty amino acids which in different combination makes protein while two extra amino acids are also found in living system that is celenosystines and 5 hydroxy lysine.                  Human body contains muscles which are composed of mainly muscle fibers and are composed of proteins. When after warm up we use to lift weights our muscle fibers breaks. Our muscle fibers when breaks body prepares more stronger muscle fiber in two days and body becomes more muscular. After breaking muscle fibers proteins are required to make stronger muscle fibers therefor st...

DNA replication  Carbohydrates               As name suggests carbohydrates are molecules which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in their structure. Carbohydrates are defined as polyhydroxyaldehydes Or poly hydroxy ketones. That is this are poly  hydroxy   aldehydes Or ketone group containing molecules. Carbohydrates are classified as  1) monosaccharides 2) oligosaccharides 3) polysaccharides Monosaccharides are simple sugars. Based on number of carbon atoms they contain are classified as diose, triose, tetrose, pentose and hexose and lastly heptose. They contain 2,3,4,5,6,7 carbon atoms in their structures respectively. Example of monosaccharides are glucose, fructose.  Oligosaccharides are sugars which on hydrolysis gives 2-10 units of sugar which are monosaccharides. Further based on number of sugar molecules it gives on hydrolysis is classified as diasaccharides, trisaccharides and fur...

DNA replication 100 biotechnology and science books     Gene                    Gene is particular segment of DNA. in living beings genetic information is stored in DNA. Gene is also hereditary unit that is it stores information and responsible for particular character to express in generations and pass this information from one generation to other generation.                  It's transcription results in formation of mRNA and later this mRNA gets translated in protein. This proteins acts as enzyme Or structural component . It is said that human beings contains only near about 20000-25000 genes. In human beings genes are not present in continues fashion while it is separated by introns.                       Introns are intergenic sequences which separates genes. Function of introns are still unknown....

         Single nucleotide polymorphism is change in or mutation in single base pair in a DNA that is deoxyribose nucleic acid. DNA is genetic material which is responsible for heredity and variation in living organism. When DNA is getting replicated some times error occurs. This error results in variation in between two strands of DNA in their composition that is purine replaces by purine or pyrimidine by pyrimidine or vice versa.                 This change in single nucleotide in DNA is called as single nucleotide polymorphism. This snp change occurs in prokaryotic Or eukaryotic cell and is occurred by slippage in polymerase enzyme when it replicates DNA.                    This single nucleotide polymorphism results in variation in organism from their parent. As DNA codes rna and RNA codes for protein. When snp forms if it is codes for stop codon results in partial...

DNA replication 100 facinating science and maths books                Everyone has some passion some has robotics, some has hacking. I also had a passion, passion to become a scientist. So here my journey started for biotechnology and according to my Karma, of bioinformatics. First we will take  a look at biotechnology.                  It came from two words bio + technology. Bio or bios means related to life while technology everyone knows. scientific definition is use of living systems and technology for welfare of humans, environment and ecosystem. Biotechnology is immerging field of science basically from life science. Life science is science related to life or living beings.                      If you want to become scientist please follow my blog, I will assure you will be scientist a day. Biotechnology is combinatio...