Mutation

              Every living organism contains genetic factor or hereditary factor which transmit certain characters from one generation to other generation. In case of human this hereditary material is DNA. DNA is nothing but deoxyribose nucleic acid. This are composed of four nucleotides this four nucleotide are A, T, G, C. That is adenosine, thymine, guanine and cytosin. Combination of this four base pair constitutes DNA. In this cytosine pairs with guanine and adenosine with thymine. 

DNA is consists of two strands which are paired to one another by hydrogen bands. 

                Upper information was formal introduction to DNA now we will see what is mutation. Mutation is nothing but sudden change in genetic make up of an individual. In case of humans it is change in DNA hereditary pattern in an individual where some change occurs which is error prone.

                So Mutation can be of certain types insertion, deletion and point mutation. In insertion an extra base pair gets added in DNA sequence. In deletion one or many nucleotides are deleted in DNA while replication. DNA replication is duplication of DNA strands from one strand. This is also can be said that formation of exact copy. Point mutation is just replacement of one base with other that is A by G or C Or T. 

                     When this happens in embryonic cell mutation is most effective. It happens because of error in replication mechanism. Effect of it happens when RNA forms it is malformated. And this malformated RNA results in malformed protein. That is protein formation happens partial or different from normal protein. 

                       This malformed protein do not function correctly and mutation results. This is in some cases lethal or dead prone too. In some cases benefits and in some cases harmful too. 

                   Example is albinism, resistant character formation in plants in some cases, susceptible character formation of plant for diseases, new trait formation. 

                   This mutation is used for identification of trait passing, disease diagnosis, forensics and new trait identification. 

                      Some mutation are beneficial while some are harmful. Unit of mutation is called as muton. While other mutation are now a days induced that is by means of technology Artificially created. This are created by UV rays, chemicals like DMSO, and radiation. 

                     Atom bomb landed on Japan in Hiroshima and Nagasaki who are fatman and little boy are resulted in tremendous radiation. This radiation resulted in mutation in progenies of Japanese people to face mutations. Even today also they are facing problem of mutation.